Imashini ya CNC ni uburyo bwo gukora aho porogaramu ya mudasobwa yabanje gutegekwa kugendana ibikoresho by’uruganda n’imashini. Inzira irashobora gukoreshwa mugucunga urutonde rwimashini zigoye, kuva gusya no kumisarani kugeza urusyo na router. Hamwe nogukora CNC, imirimo-itatu yo gukata irashobora kugerwaho murwego rumwe rwibibazo.
Mugufi kuri "kugenzura imibare ya mudasobwa," inzira ya CNC ikora itandukanye na - bityo igasimbuza - imipaka yo kugenzura intoki, aho abakora ibikorwa bizima bakeneye kwihutira no kuyobora amategeko yibikoresho byo gutunganya hakoreshejwe leveri, buto n'inziga. Kubarebera, sisitemu ya CNC irashobora kumera nkibisanzwe bigize ibice bya mudasobwa, ariko porogaramu za software hamwe na kanseri ikoreshwa mu gutunganya CNC itandukanya nubundi buryo bwose bwo kubara.
Nigute Imashini ya CNC ikora?
Iyo sisitemu ya CNC ikora, gukata kwifuzwa gutegurwa muri software hanyuma bigategekwa kubikoresho hamwe nimashini bihuye, bikora imirimo yibipimo nkuko byagenwe, nka robo.
Muri porogaramu ya CNC, generator yerekana kode muri sisitemu yumubare akenshi izakeka ko uburyo butagira inenge, nubwo bishoboka ko habaho amakosa, bikaba binini igihe cyose imashini ya CNC iyobowe no guca mu cyerekezo kirenze icyarimwe. Gushyira igikoresho muri sisitemu yo kugenzura imibare igaragazwa nuruhererekane rw'inyongera zizwi nka porogaramu igice.
Hamwe nimashini igenzura imibare, porogaramu zinjizwa hakoreshejwe amakarita ya punch. Ibinyuranye, porogaramu zimashini za CNC zigaburirwa mudasobwa nubwo clavier nto. Porogaramu ya CNC igumishijwe mububiko bwa mudasobwa. Kode ubwayo yanditswe kandi ihindurwa nabashinzwe porogaramu. Kubwibyo, sisitemu ya CNC itanga ubushobozi bwagutse bwo kubara. Icyiza muri byose, sisitemu ya CNC ntabwo ihagaze neza, kubera ko ibisobanuro bishya bishobora kongerwa kuri progaramu zabanje kubaho binyuze kode ivuguruye.
GAHUNDA YO GUKORA CNC
Muri CNC, imashini zikoreshwa hakoreshejwe igenzura ryumubare, aho porogaramu ya software yagenewe kugenzura ikintu. Imvugo iri inyuma ya CNC itunganijwe ubundi yitwa G-code, kandi yanditswe kugirango igenzure imyitwarire itandukanye yimashini ijyanye, nkumuvuduko, igipimo cyibiryo no guhuza.
Mubusanzwe, imashini ya CNC ituma bishoboka mbere yo gutangiza gahunda n'umwanya wimikorere yimashini yimashini no kuyikoresha ukoresheje software mugihe cyisubiramo, cyateganijwe, byose nta ruhare ruto rutangwa nabakozi. Kubera ubwo bushobozi, inzira yemejwe mu mpande zose z’inganda zikora kandi ni ingenzi cyane mu bijyanye n’ibyuma na plastiki.
Kubatangiye, igishushanyo cya 2D cyangwa 3D CAD cyatekerejwe, hanyuma gihindurwa kode ya mudasobwa kugirango sisitemu ya CNC ikore. Porogaramu imaze kwinjizwa, uyikoresha ayiha igeragezwa kugirango yizere ko nta makosa ahari muri code.
Gufungura / Gufunga-Gufungura Sisitemu
Kugenzura imyanya bigenwa binyuze muri sisitemu ifunguye cyangwa ifunze. Hamwe nibyambere, ibimenyetso byerekana muburyo bumwe hagati ya moteri na moteri. Hamwe na sisitemu ifunze-loop, umugenzuzi arashobora kwakira ibitekerezo, bigatuma ikosora rishoboka. Rero, sisitemu ifunze-loop irashobora gukosora ibitagenda neza mumuvuduko numwanya.
Mubikorwa bya CNC, kugenda mubisanzwe byerekanwe kuri X na Y. Igikoresho, nacyo, gihagaze kandi kiyobowe na moteri cyangwa servo moteri, yigana ingendo nyayo nkuko byagenwe na G-code. Niba imbaraga n'umuvuduko ari bike, inzira irashobora gukoreshwa binyuze kumugaragaro. Kubindi byose, kugenzura-gufunga birakenewe kugirango umuvuduko, ubudahwema nukuri bisabwa mubikorwa byinganda, nkibyuma.
Imashini ya CNC Yikora Byuzuye
Muri protocole ya CNC yuyu munsi, umusaruro wibice ukoresheje porogaramu yabanjirije porogaramu iba yikora. Ibipimo byigice runaka byashyizwe mubikorwa hamwe na software ifashwa na mudasobwa (CAD) hanyuma igahinduka ibicuruzwa byarangiye hamwe na software ikora mudasobwa (CAM).
Igice icyo aricyo cyose cyakazi gishobora gukenera ibikoresho bitandukanye byimashini, nkimyitozo nogukata. Kugirango uhuze ibyo bikenewe, imashini nyinshi zubu zihuza imirimo itandukanye muri selire imwe. Ubundi, kwishyiriraho bishobora kuba bigizwe nimashini nyinshi hamwe nuruhererekane rwamaboko ya robo yimura ibice biva murwego rumwe, ariko hamwe nibintu byose bigenzurwa na gahunda imwe. Tutitaye kumiterere, inzira ya CNC itanga ubudahwema mugukora ibice byagorana, niba bidashoboka, kwigana intoki.
UBWOKO BUTANDUKANYE BWA MACHINES ZA CNC
Imashini za mbere zo kugenzura imibare zanditswe mu myaka ya za 1940 igihe moteri yakoreshwaga bwa mbere kugirango igenzure urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho byahozeho. Nka tekinoroji yateye imbere, uburyo bwongerewe imbaraga hamwe na mudasobwa igereranya, hanyuma amaherezo hamwe na mudasobwa ya digitale, ibyo bigatuma imashini ya CNC izamuka.
Umubare munini wibikoresho bya CNC byubu ni ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Bimwe mubikorwa bikunze gukoreshwa na CNC harimo gusudira ultrasonic, gusiba umwobo no gukata laser. Imashini zikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu ya CNC zirimo ibi bikurikira:
CNC Mills
Uruganda rwa CNC rushobora gukora kuri porogaramu zigizwe numubare- n’inyuguti zishingiye ku nyandiko, ziyobora ibice bitandukanye. Porogaramu ikoreshwa kumashini isya irashobora gushingira kuri G-code cyangwa ururimi rwihariye rwatejwe imbere nitsinda rikora. Urusyo rwibanze rugizwe na sisitemu eshatu (X, Y na Z), nubwo urusyo rushya rushobora kwakira amashoka atatu yinyongera.
Amashanyarazi
Imashini zumusarani, ibice byaciwe mubyerekezo bizenguruka hamwe nibikoresho byerekana. Hamwe na tekinoroji ya CNC, gukata gukoreshwa nu musarani bikorwa neza kandi byihuse. Imisarani ya CNC ikoreshwa mugukora ibishushanyo bigoye bidashoboka kuri verisiyo yimashini ikoreshwa. Muri rusange, imikorere yo kugenzura CNC ikoreshwa ninganda na lathes birasa. Kimwe nicyambere, imisarani irashobora kuyoborwa na G-code cyangwa code yihariye. Nyamara, imisarani myinshi ya CNC igizwe namashoka abiri - X na Z.
Amashanyarazi
Mugukata plasma, ibikoresho byaciwe numuriro wa plasma. Inzira ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byibyuma ariko birashobora no gukoreshwa kubindi bice. Kugirango habeho umuvuduko nubushyuhe bukenewe mu guca ibyuma, plasma ikorwa hifashishijwe guhuza gaze-umwuka wumuyaga hamwe n amashanyarazi.
Imashini zisohora amashanyarazi
Gukora amashanyarazi-gusohora (EDM) - ubundi buryo bwitwa gupfa kurohama no gutunganya ibishashi - ni inzira ibumba ibice byakazi muburyo bwihariye hamwe n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi. Hamwe na EDM, gusohora kurubu bibaho hagati ya electrode ebyiri, kandi ibi bikuraho ibice byakazi.
Iyo umwanya uri hagati ya electrode uba muto, umurima wamashanyarazi uba mwinshi bityo ugakomera kuruta dielectric. Ibi bituma bishoboka ko umuyoboro unyura hagati ya electrode ebyiri. Kubwibyo, ibice byakazi byakuweho na buri electrode. Ubwoko bwa EDM burimo:
ED Umugozi EDM, aho isuri ikoreshwa mugukuraho ibice mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
ED Sinker EDM, aho electrode nigice cyakazi cyinjijwe mumazi ya dielectric hagamijwe gukora ibice.
Mubikorwa bizwi nko gutemba, imyanda kuri buri gice cyakazi cyarangiye itwarwa na dielectric yamazi, igaragara iyo umuyoboro uri hagati ya electrode zombi uhagaze kandi ugamije gukuraho andi mashanyarazi yose.
Amashanyarazi
Mu gutunganya CNC, indege zamazi nibikoresho bikata ibikoresho bikomeye, nka granite nicyuma, hamwe n’amazi menshi y’amazi. Rimwe na rimwe, amazi avangwa n'umucanga cyangwa ibindi bintu bikomeye byangiza. Ibice byimashini zuruganda bikunze gukorwa muriki gikorwa.
Indege zamazi zikoreshwa nkuburyo bukonje bwibikoresho bidashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije bwizindi mashini za CNC. Nkibyo, indege zamazi zikoreshwa mumirenge itandukanye, nk'inganda zo mu kirere no mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, aho inzira iba ikomeye mu rwego rwo kubaza no gutema, mu bindi bikorwa. Amazi yo mu mazi nayo akoreshwa mubisabwa bisaba gukata cyane mubikoresho, kuko kubura ubushyuhe birinda impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu bikoresho bishobora guturuka ku cyuma ku gutema ibyuma.
UBWOKO BUTANDUKANYE BWA MACHINES ZA CNC
Nkuko amashusho menshi ya mashini ya CNC yerekanwe, sisitemu ikoreshwa mugukata birambuye birambuye mubice byibyuma byibikoresho byinganda. Usibye imashini zimaze kuvugwa, ibindi bikoresho nibigize bikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya CNC harimo:
Machines Imashini zidoda
Routers Imiyoboro yimbaho
Turret
Machines Imashini zogosha insinga
Cut Gukata ifuro
Cut Gukata Laser
Gr Imashini zisya
Icapa rya 3D
Cut Gukata ibirahuri
Iyo gukata bigoye bigomba gukorwa mubyiciro bitandukanye no kumpande zakazi, byose birashobora gukorwa muminota mike kumashini ya CNC. Igihe cyose imashini iteganijwe hamwe na code iboneye, imikorere yimashini izakora intambwe nkuko byateganijwe na software. Gutanga ibintu byose byanditse ukurikije igishushanyo, ibicuruzwa birambuye nibiciro byikoranabuhanga bigomba kugaragara iyo inzira irangiye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-01-2022
