Kumugozi wo gusudira urimo Si, Mn, S, P, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, V nibindi bintu bivanga. Ingaruka zibi bintu bivanga kumikorere yo gusudira byasobanuwe hepfo:
Silicon (Si)
Silicon nikintu gikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gusudira insinga, irashobora kubuza icyuma guhuza na okiside, kandi gishobora kugabanya FeO muri pisine yashongeshejwe. Ariko, niba silicon deoxidation ikoreshwa yonyine, SiO2 yavuyemo ifite aho ishonga cyane (hafi 1710 ° C), kandi ibice bivamo ni bito, bigatuma bigora kureremba muri pisine yashongeshejwe, bishobora gutera byoroshye kwinjiza ibishishwa muri icyuma.
Manganese (Mn)
Ingaruka ya manganese isa n'iya silikoni, ariko ubushobozi bwayo bwa deoxidation ni bubi cyane ugereranije na silicon. Ukoresheje deoxidation ya manganese yonyine, MnO yakozwe ifite ubucucike buri hejuru (15.11g / cm3), kandi ntabwo byoroshye kureremba muri pisine yashongeshejwe. Manganese ikubiye mu nsinga yo gusudira, usibye deoxidisation, irashobora kandi guhuza na sulfure ikora sulfide ya manganese (MnS), ikanakurwaho (desulfurizasiya), bityo ikaba ishobora kugabanya imyumvire y’imishwaro ishyushye iterwa na sulferi. Kubera ko silikoni na manganese bikoreshwa byonyine mu kwangiza, biragoye gukuraho ibicuruzwa byangiza. Kubwibyo, silicon-manganese ihuriweho na deoxidation ikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe, kugirango SiO2 na MnO ibyara umusaruro bibumbwe muri silikate (MnO · SiO2). MnO · SiO2 ifite aho ishonga (hafi 1270 ° C) hamwe n'ubucucike buke (hafi 3,6g / cm3), kandi irashobora guhurira mu bice binini by'ibisate hanyuma ikareremba muri pisine yashongeshejwe kugirango igere ku ngaruka nziza yo kwangiza. Manganese nayo ni ikintu cyingenzi kivanga mubyuma kandi nikintu gikomeye cyo gukomera, gifite uruhare runini mubukomere bwicyuma gisudira. Iyo Mn ibirimo biri munsi ya 0,05%, ubukana bwicyuma gisudira ni kinini cyane; iyo Mn ibirimo birenze 3%, biroroshye cyane; iyo Mn ibirimo 0,6-1.8%, icyuma gisudira gifite imbaraga nuburemere.
Amazi (S)
Amazi ya sufuru akunze kubaho muburyo bwa sulfide yicyuma mubyuma, kandi bigabanywa kumupaka wingano muburyo bwurusobe, bityo bikagabanya cyane ubukana bwibyuma. Ubushyuhe bwa eutectic yicyuma wongeyeho sulfide yicyuma ni gito (985 ° C). Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo gukora gishyushye, kubera ko gutunganya gutangira ubushyuhe muri rusange ari 1150-1200 ° C, kandi eutectic ya fer na fer sulfide yashonga, bikavamo gucika mugihe cyo gutunganya, Iki kintu nicyo bita "embrittlement ya sulfure" . Uyu mutungo wa sulfure utera ibyuma gukura ibice bishyushye mugihe cyo gusudira. Kubwibyo, ibirimo sulfure mubyuma bigenzurwa cyane. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati yicyuma gisanzwe cya karubone, ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone nicyuma cyiza cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru kiri mubwinshi bwa sulfure na fosifore. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, manganese igira ingaruka ya desulfurizasiya, kubera ko manganese ishobora gukora sulfide ya manganese (MnS) ifite aho ishonga cyane (1600 ° C) hamwe na sulfure, ikwirakwizwa mu ngano mu buryo bwa granulaire. Mugihe cyo gukora gishyushye, sulfide ya manganese ifite plastike ihagije, bityo ikuraho ingaruka mbi za sulferi. Kubwibyo, nibyiza kugumana urugero runaka rwa manganese mubyuma.
Fosifore (P)
Fosifore irashobora gushonga rwose muri ferrite mubyuma. Ingaruka zayo zikomeye ku byuma ni iya kabiri nyuma ya karubone, yongerera imbaraga n'ubukomezi bw'ibyuma. Fosifore irashobora kunoza kwangirika kwibyuma, mugihe plastike nubukomezi byagabanutse cyane. Cyane cyane ku bushyuhe buke, ingaruka zirakomeye, ibyo bita ubukonje bwo gupfukama kwa fosifore. Kubwibyo, ntabwo ari byiza gusudira kandi byongera ibyiyumvo byibyuma. Nkumwanda, ibirimo fosifore mubyuma nabyo bigomba kuba bike.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium irashobora kongera imbaraga nubukomezi bwibyuma bitagabanije plastike nubukomere. Chromium ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya aside, bityo ibyuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga muri rusange birimo chromium nyinshi (zirenga 13%). Chromium kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya okiside no kurwanya ubushyuhe. Kubwibyo, chromium nayo ikoreshwa cyane mubyuma birwanya ubushyuhe, nka 12CrMo, 15CrMo 5CrMo nibindi. Icyuma kirimo chromium runaka [7]. Chromium ni ikintu cyingenzi kigize ibyuma bya austenitis hamwe na ferritizing, bishobora kunoza okiside ya okiside hamwe nubukanishi bwubushyuhe bwo hejuru mubyuma bivanze. Mu byuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga, iyo igiteranyo cya chromium na nikel ari 40%, iyo Cr / Ni = 1, habaho gukunda gushyuha; iyo Cr / Ni = 2.7, nta tendance yo guturika ishyushye. Kubwibyo, iyo Cr / Ni = 2.2 kugeza kuri 2.3 muri rusange ibyuma 18-8, chromium biroroshye kubyara karbide mubyuma bivanze, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwumuriro wibyuma bivangavanze, kandi okiside ya chromium byoroshye kubyara, bigatuma gusudira bigorana.
Aluminium (AI)
Aluminium ni kimwe mu bintu bikomeye byangiza umubiri, bityo gukoresha aluminiyumu nka deoxidizing ntishobora kubyara FeO nkeya gusa, ariko kandi bigabanya na FeO byoroshye, bikabuza neza imiti ya gaze ya CO ikomoka muri pisine yashongeshejwe, kandi ikongerera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya CO imyenge. Byongeye kandi, aluminiyumu irashobora kandi guhuza na azote kugirango ikosore azote, bityo irashobora no kugabanya imyenge ya azote. Ariko, hamwe na deoxidisiyumu ya aluminium, ibivuyemo Al2O3 bifite aho bishonga cyane (hafi 2050 ° C), kandi bibaho muri pisine yashongeshejwe muburyo bukomeye, bikaba bishoboka ko bitera kwishira muri weld. Muri icyo gihe, insinga yo gusudira irimo aluminiyumu biroroshye gutera spatter, kandi ibirimo aluminiyumu nyinshi nabyo bizagabanya ubukana bw’amashyanyarazi y’icyuma gisudira, bityo rero aluminium iri mu nsinga yo gusudira igomba kugenzurwa cyane kandi ntigomba kuba nayo byinshi. Niba ibirimo bya aluminiyumu mu nsinga yo gusudira bigenzuwe neza, ubukana, ingingo yumusaruro nimbaraga zingutu zicyuma gisudira bizanozwa gato.
Titanium (Ti)
Titanium nayo ni ikintu gikomeye cyangiza, kandi irashobora kandi guhuza TiN na azote kugirango ikosore azote kandi itezimbere ubushobozi bwicyuma gisudira kurwanya imyuka ya azote. Niba ibikubiye muri Ti na B (boron) muburyo bwo gusudira bikwiye, imiterere yo gusudira irashobora kunonosorwa.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum mu byuma bivangavanze irashobora kongera imbaraga nubukomezi bwibyuma, gutunganya ibinyampeke, kwirinda ubukana nubushyuhe bukabije, kuzamura imbaraga zubushyuhe bwo hejuru, imbaraga zo gukandagira nimbaraga ziramba, kandi iyo molybdenum iri munsi ya 0,6%, irashobora kunoza plastike, Kugabanya impengamiro yo gucamo no kunoza ingaruka zikomeye. Molybdenum ikunda guteza imbere igishushanyo mbonera. Kubwibyo, muri rusange molybdenum irimo ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe nka 16Mo, 12CrMo, 15CrMo, nibindi birimo molybdenum hafi 0.5%. Iyo ibirimo molybdenum mubyuma bivanze ni 0,6-1.0%, molybdenum izagabanya plastike nubukomezi bwibyuma bivanze kandi byongere imyuka yo kuzimya ibyuma.
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium irashobora kongera imbaraga zibyuma, gutunganya ingano, kugabanya imyumvire yo gukura kwingano, no kunoza ubukana. Vanadium nikintu gikomeye cya karbide ikora, kandi karbide zakozwe zirahagaze munsi ya 650 ° C. Ingaruka yo gukomera. Carbide ya Vanadium ifite ubushyuhe buhanitse, bushobora kuzamura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwibyuma. Vanadium irashobora guhindura ikwirakwizwa rya karbide mubyuma, ariko vanadium iroroshye gukora okiside itavunika, ibyo bikaba byongera ingorane zo gusudira gaze no guca gaze. Mubisanzwe, iyo ibikubiye muri vanadium murwego rwo gusudira bigera kuri 0,11%, birashobora kugira uruhare mugutunganya azote, bigahindura ibibi bikaba byiza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-22-2023
