Carl Scheele, umuhanga mu by'imiti wo muri Suwede, na Daniel Rutherford, umuhanga mu bimera w’ibimera, bavumbuye azote mu buryo butandukanye mu 1772. Reverend Cavendish na Lavoisier na bo bigenga azote mu gihe kimwe. Azote yamenyekanye bwa mbere nk'ikintu na Lavoisier, ayita "azo", bisobanura "kutagira ubuzima". Chaptal yise element azote mu 1790. Izina ryakomotse ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki "nitre" (nitrate irimo azote muri nitrate)
Abakora Azote - Abashinwa Uruganda rutunganya azote & abatanga ibicuruzwa (xinfatools.com)
Inkomoko ya Azote
Azote nikintu cya 30 cyinshi cyane kwisi. Urebye ko azote ihwanye na 4/5 byubunini bwikirere, cyangwa hejuru ya 78%, dufite hafi ya azote itagira imipaka kuri twe. Azote ibaho kandi muburyo bwa nitrate mumabuye y'agaciro atandukanye, nka saliteri yo muri Chili (sodium nitrate), umunyu cyangwa nitre (nitrati ya potasiyumu), hamwe namabuye y'agaciro arimo umunyu wa amonium. Azote iboneka muri molekile nyinshi zigoye, harimo proteyine na aside amine ziboneka mu binyabuzima byose
Imiterere yumubiri
Azote N2 ni gaze itagira ibara, itaryoshye, kandi idafite impumuro nziza mubushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo ari uburozi. Ubucucike bwa gaze mubihe bisanzwe ni 1.25g / L. Azote ifite 78,12% yikirere cyose (agace kangana) kandi nikintu nyamukuru kigize umwuka. Hano hari toni zigera kuri miriyoni 400 za gaze mu kirere.
Munsi yumuvuduko wikirere, iyo ukonje kugeza -195.8 ℃, ihinduka amazi atagira ibara. Iyo ikonje kugeza kuri -209.86 ℃, azote yuzuye ihinduka urubura rumeze nkurubura.
Azote ntishobora gutwikwa kandi ifatwa nka gaze ihumeka (ni ukuvuga guhumeka azote ibuza umubiri wa ogisijeni). Azote ifite imbaraga nke cyane mu mazi. Kuri 283K, umubumbe umwe wamazi urashobora gushonga hafi 0,02 ya N2.
Imiterere yimiti
Azote ifite imiti ihamye cyane. Biragoye kubyitwaramo nibindi bintu mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ariko birashobora guhinduka mumiti hamwe nibintu bimwe na bimwe munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi nubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibintu bishya bifitiye abantu akamaro.
Inzira ya molekuline ya molekile ya azote ni KK σs2 σs * 2 σp2 σp * 2 πp2. Ibice bitatu bya electron bigira uruhare muguhuza, ni ukuvuga, π imigozi ibiri na σ ubumwe. Nta ntererano yo guhuza, kandi imbaraga zo guhuza no kurwanya-guhuza zigereranijwe, kandi zihwanye na elegitoronike yonyine. Kubera ko hari imigozi itatu N≡N muri molekile ya N2, molekile ya N2 ifite ituze rikomeye, kandi bisaba 941.69 kJ / mol yingufu kugirango ibore muri atome. Molekile ya N2 niyo itajegajega cyane muri molekile izwi ya diatomique, naho misile igereranije ya azote ni 28. Byongeye kandi, azote ntabwo yoroshye gutwika kandi ntabwo ishyigikira gutwikwa.
Uburyo bwo kugerageza
Shira akabari ka Mg gutwika mumacupa yegeranya gaze yuzuye azote, kandi Mg bar izakomeza gutwika. Kuramo ivu risigaye (ifu yumuhondo Mg3N2), ongeramo amazi make, hanyuma utange gaze (ammonia) ihindura impapuro zitukura zitukura za litimu. Ikigereranyo cya reaction: 3Mg + N2 = gutwika = Mg3N2 (nitride ya magnesium); Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg (OH) 2 + 2NH3 ↑
Ibiranga guhuza hamwe na valence imiterere ya azote
Kubera ko ikintu kimwe N2 gihamye cyane mubihe bisanzwe, abantu bakunze kwibeshya ko azote ari ikintu kidakora imiti. Mubyukuri, kurundi ruhande, azote yibanze ifite ibikorwa byimiti myinshi. Electronegativite ya N (3.04) ni iya kabiri nyuma ya F na O, byerekana ko ishobora gukora ubumwe bukomeye nibindi bintu. Mubyongeyeho, ituze ryikintu kimwe N2 molekile yerekana gusa ibikorwa bya N atom. Ikibazo nuko abantu batarabona uburyo bwiza bwo gukora molekile ya N2 mubushyuhe bwicyumba nigitutu. Ariko muri kamere, bagiteri zimwe na zimwe ziri ku mbuto zirashobora guhindura N2 mu kirere mo ibice bya azote mu gihe cy'ingufu nke ku bushyuhe busanzwe n'umuvuduko, kandi bikabikoresha nk'ifumbire mu mikurire y'ibihingwa.
Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwo gutunganya azote buri gihe ni ingingo yingenzi yubushakashatsi. Kubwibyo, birakenewe ko dusobanukirwa ibiranga guhuza hamwe na valence imiterere ya azote muburyo burambuye.
Ubwoko bw'ingwate
Imiterere ya elegitoroniki ya elegitoronike ya N atom ni 2s2p3, ni ukuvuga ko hari electron 3 imwe hamwe na electron imwe yonyine. Ukurikije ibi, mugihe ukora ibice, ubwoko butatu bukurikira burashobora kubyara:
1. Gukora imiyoboro ya ionic 2. Gukora covalent bonds 3. Gushiraho guhuza ibikorwa
1. Gushiraho imiyoboro ya ionic
N atom ifite electronegativite yo hejuru (3.04). Iyo bagize nitride ya binaride ifite ibyuma bifite electronegativite yo hasi, nka Li (electronegativite 0,98), Ca (electronegativite 1.00), na Mg (electronegativite 1.31), barashobora kubona electron 3 hanyuma bagakora N3- ion. N2 + 6 Li == 2 Li3N N2 + 3 Ca == Ca3N2 N2 + 3 Mg = ignite = Mg3N2 N3- ion zifite umuriro mwinshi hamwe na radiyo nini (171pm). Bazaba hydrolyz cyane mugihe bahuye na molekile zamazi. Kubwibyo, ionic compound irashobora kubaho gusa mumiterere yumye, kandi ntihazabaho ion hydrated ya N3-.
2. Gushiraho inkwano zingana
Iyo N atom ikora ibice hamwe nubutare hamwe na electronegativite yo hejuru, hashyizweho imiyoboro ya covalent ikurikira:
⑴N atome ifata sp3 ivanga imiterere, ikora imigozi itatu ya covalent, igumana ibice bibiri bya elegitoronike yonyine, kandi iboneza rya molekile ni piramide ya trigonal, nka NH3, NF3, NCl3, nibindi. tetrahedron isanzwe, nka NH4 + ion.
⑵N atome ifata sp2 ivanga imiterere, ikora imirongo ibiri ya covalent hamwe numurongo umwe, kandi igumana ibice bibiri bya elegitoronike yonyine, kandi iboneza rya molekile ni inguni, nka Cl - N = O. . NO3- ion. Muri molekile ya acide ya nitric, N atom ikora imirongo itatu σ ihuza na atome eshatu O, hamwe na electroni kuri π orbital hamwe na π electron imwe ya atome ebyiri O ikora ibice bitatu-bine bine bya elegitoronike. Muri nitrate ya ion, ibice bine-bitandatu-electron itandukanijwe nini π isano ikorwa hagati ya atome eshatu O na atom yo hagati N. Iyi miterere ituma okiside igaragara ya N atom muri acide ya nitric +5. Bitewe no kuba hari π bonds, nitrate irahagaze neza mubihe bisanzwe. ⑶N atom ikoresha sp hybridisation kugirango ikore covalent triple bond kandi igumane hamwe na elegitoronike yonyine. Ibikoresho bya molekuline ni umurongo, nkimiterere ya N atom muri molekile ya N2 na CN-.
3. Gushiraho guhuza ibikorwa
Iyo atome ya azote ikora ibintu byoroshye cyangwa ibivanze, akenshi bigumana ibice bibiri bya elegitoronike yonyine, bityo ibintu byoroshye cyangwa ibivanze bishobora gukora nkabaterankunga ba electron kugirango bahuze ioni. Kurugero, [Cu (NH3) 4] 2+ cyangwa [Tu (NH2) 5] 7, nibindi
Oxidation leta-Gibbs igishushanyo mbonera cyingufu
Irashobora kandi kugaragara uhereye kuri okiside ya leta-Gibbs igishushanyo mbonera cyingufu za azote ko, usibye ion ya NH4, molekile ya N2 ifite okiside ya 0 iri kumwanya muto wu murongo mugishushanyo, byerekana ko N2 ari thermodynamic gihamye ugereranije na azote hamwe nindi mibare ya okiside.
Indangagaciro za azote zitandukanye hamwe numubare wa okiside uri hagati ya 0 na +5 zose ziri hejuru yumurongo uhuza ingingo ebyiri HNO3 na N2 (umurongo utudomo uri ku gishushanyo), ubwo rero ibyo bikoresho ni thermodinamike idahindagurika kandi ikunda kwibasirwa. Imwe mu gishushanyo ifite agaciro kari munsi ya molekile ya N2 ni NH4 + ion. [1] Uhereye kuri okiside ya leta-Gibbs igishushanyo mbonera cyingufu za azote n'imiterere ya molekile ya N2, urashobora kubona ko N2 yibanze idakora. Gusa munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe no kuba catalizator irashobora gukora azote ikora hamwe na hydrogène kugirango ikore ammonia: Mugihe cyo gusohora, azote irashobora guhuza na ogisijeni ikora aside nitide: N2 + O2 = gusohora = 2NO Okiside ya Nitric ihita ihuza na ogisijeni kugeza gukora dioxyde ya azote 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 Dioxyde ya azote ishonga mumazi kugirango ibe aside nitricike, okiside ya nitric 3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + OYA Mu bihugu bifite ingufu z'amashanyarazi yateye imbere, iyi reaction yakoreshejwe mu gukora aside nitric. N2 ikorana na hydrogène kugirango itange ammonia: N2 + 3H2 === (ikimenyetso gisubira inyuma) 2NH3 N2 ikorana nicyuma gifite ubushobozi buke bwa ionisation kandi nitride ifite ingufu za latike nyinshi kugirango ikore nitide ya ionic. Kurugero: N2 irashobora kwitwara neza na lithium yumuringa mubushyuhe bwicyumba: 6 Li + N2 === 2 Li3N N2 ikora hamwe nubutaka bwisi bwa alkaline Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba mubushyuhe bukabije: 3 Ca + N2 === Ca3N2 N2 irashobora gusa reba na boron na aluminiyumu ku bushyuhe bukabije: 2 B + N2 === 2 BN (compound macromolecule) N2 muri rusange ikorana na silicon hamwe nibindi bice byamatsinda kubushyuhe burenze 1473K.
Molekile ya azote itanga ibice bibiri bya electron muguhuza, ni ukuvuga gukora π imigozi ibiri σ imwe. Ntabwo itanga umusanzu wo guhuza, kandi imbaraga zo guhuza no kurwanya-guhuza hafi kuzimangana, kandi zihwanye na elegitoronike yonyine. Kuberako hari isano ya gatatu N≡N muri molekile ya N2, molekile ya N2 ifite ituze rikomeye, kandi bisaba 941.69kJ / mol yingufu kugirango ibore muri atome. Molekile ya N2 niyo itajegajega cyane muri molekile izwi ya diatomique, naho misile igereranije ya azote ni 28. Byongeye kandi, azote ntabwo yoroshye gutwika kandi ntabwo ishyigikira gutwikwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-23-2024
