1. Ibikoresho bya tekinike yicyuma
1. Gutanga umusaruro (σs)
Iyo ibyuma cyangwa icyitegererezo kirambuye, iyo imihangayiko irenze urugero rwa elastique, nubwo imihangayiko itiyongera, ibyuma cyangwa icyitegererezo biracyakomeza guhinduka muburyo bugaragara. Iyi phenomenon yitwa gutanga umusaruro, kandi agaciro gake gaciro iyo umusaruro ubaye ni uwumusaruro. Reka Ps ibe imbaraga ziva hanze yumusaruro s, na Fo ibe igice cyambukiranya icyitegererezo, hanyuma umusaruro utanga σs = Ps / Fo (MPa).
2. Tanga imbaraga (σ0.2)
Umusaruro wibikoresho bimwe byicyuma ntibigaragara cyane, kandi biragoye kubipima. Kubwibyo, kugirango bapime umusaruro uranga ibintu, guhangayika mugihe ihindagurika rya plastike rihoraho risigaye rihwanye nagaciro runaka (muri rusange 0.2% yuburebure bwumwimerere) hateganijwe, ibyo bita imiterere. Tanga imbaraga cyangwa utange gusa imbaraga σ0.2.
3. Imbaraga zingana (σb)
Agaciro ntarengwa kagerwaho nibikoresho kuva mugitangira kugeza igihe cyo kuvunika mugihe cyo kurambura. Yerekana ubushobozi bwibyuma byo kurwanya kuvunika. Bihuye nimbaraga zinguvu nimbaraga zo kwikuramo imbaraga, imbaraga zidasanzwe, nibindi reka reka Pb ibe imbaraga ntarengwa zagerwaho mbere yuko ibikoresho bimeneka, na Fo bibe agace kambukiranya icyitegererezo, hanyuma imbaraga zingana σb = Pb / Fo (MPa ).
4. Kurambura (δs)
Ibikoresho bimaze kumeneka, ijanisha ryuburebure bwa plastike kugeza muburebure bwicyitegererezo cyambere byitwa kurambura cyangwa kuramba.
5. Ikigereranyo cy'umusaruro (σs / σb)
Ikigereranyo cyumusaruro (imbaraga zumusaruro) wibyuma nimbaraga zingana byitwa umusaruro. Umubare munini wumusaruro, niko kwizerwa kwibice byubatswe. Muri rusange, igipimo cy'umusaruro w'ibyuma bya karubone ni 0,6-0.65, icyuma giciriritse gike ni 0,65-0.75, naho icyuma cyubatswe ni 0.84-0.86.
6. Gukomera
Gukomera byerekana ubushobozi bwibintu byo kurwanya gukanda ikintu gikomeye hejuru yacyo. Nimwe mubintu byingenzi byerekana imikorere yibikoresho byicyuma. Mubisanzwe, uko gukomera gukomera, niko kwihanganira kwambara. Ibipimo bikoreshwa cyane ni ubukana bwa Brinell, ubukana bwa Rockwell hamwe na Vickers gukomera.
1) Gukomera kwa Brinell (HB)
Kanda umupira wicyuma ufite ubunini bunini (mubusanzwe 10mm ya diametre) hejuru yibikoresho bifite umutwaro runaka (muri rusange 3000 kg) hanyuma ubigumane mugihe runaka. Nyuma yumutwaro umaze gukurwaho, igipimo cyumutwaro mukarere ka indentation nigiciro gikomeye cya Brinell (HB).
2) Gukomera kwa Rockwell (HR)
Iyo HB> 450 cyangwa icyitegererezo ari gito cyane, ikizamini cya Brinell ntigishobora gukoreshwa kandi gupima ubukana bwa Rockwell bigomba gukoreshwa aho. Ikoresha cone ya diyama ifite inguni ya vertex ya 120 ° cyangwa umupira wicyuma ufite diameter ya 1.59mm na 3.18mm kugirango ukande hejuru yibikoresho bizageragezwa munsi yumutwaro runaka, kandi ubukana bwibintu biva muri ubujyakuzimu bwa indentation. Ukurikije ubukana bwibikoresho byikizamini, birashobora kugaragazwa mubipimo bitatu bitandukanye:
HRA: Nubukomezi bwabonetse ukoresheje umutwaro wa 60 kg hamwe na diyama ya cone indenter, kandi ikoreshwa mubikoresho bifite ubukana bukabije cyane (nka karbide ya sima, nibindi).
HRB: Nubukomezi bwabonetse ukoresheje umutwaro wa 100 kg hamwe numupira wicyuma ukomeye ufite diameter ya 1.58mm. Ikoreshwa mubikoresho bifite ubukana buke (nk'ibyuma bifatanye, ibyuma, nibindi).
HRC: Nubukomezi bwabonetse ukoresheje umutwaro wa 150 kg hamwe na diamant cone indenter, kandi bikoreshwa mubikoresho bifite ubukana bwinshi (nk'ibyuma bikomeye, nibindi).
3) Gukomera kwa Vickers (HV)
Koresha indangarugero ya diyama ifite umutwaro uri munsi ya 120kg hamwe na vertex inguni ya 136 ° kugirango ukande hejuru yibikoresho, hanyuma ugabanye ubuso bwurwobo rwa indentation nigiciro cyumutwaro kugirango ubone agaciro gakomeye ka Vickers (HV ).
2. Ibyuma bya ferrous na ferrous
1. Icyuma gikomeye
Yerekeza ku kuvanga ibyuma n'icyuma. Nkibyuma, icyuma cyingurube, ferroalloy, icyuma, nibindi. Ibyuma nicyuma cyingurube byombi bivangwa nicyuma hamwe na karubone nkibintu byingenzi byongeweho, hamwe byitwa ibyuma-karubone.
Icyuma cy'ingurube bivuga ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu gushonga amabuye y'icyuma mu itanura riturika, rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibyuma no gutara.
Gushonga icyuma cy'ingurube mu itanura ryo gushonga kugirango ubone icyuma gikozwe (icyuma cyamazi-karubone ivanze na karubone irenze 2,11%), no guta ibyuma bisukuye mumazi, ubu bwoko bwicyuma bwitwa icyuma.
Ferroalloy ni umusemburo ugizwe nicyuma, silikoni, manganese, chromium, titanium nibindi bintu. Ferroalloy ni kimwe mu bikoresho fatizo byo gukora ibyuma. Ikoreshwa nka deoxidizer hamwe na alloy element yongeweho ibyuma mugihe cyo gukora ibyuma.
Amavuta ya karubone arimo karubone iri munsi ya 2,11% yitwa ibyuma, naho ibyuma biboneka mugushira icyuma cyingurube mugukora ibyuma mumatanura yo gukora ibyuma no kuyashonga ukurikije inzira runaka. Ibicuruzwa byibyuma birimo ibyuma, ibyuma bikomeza byo guterera hamwe no guterera mu byuma bitandukanye. Muri rusange, ibyuma bivuga ibyuma byerekana ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.
2. Ibyuma bidafite amabara
Bizwi kandi nk'ibyuma bidafite ferrous, bivuga ibyuma na alloys uretse ibyuma bya fer, nk'umuringa, amabati, gurş, zinc, aluminium, n'umuringa, umuringa, aluminiyumu, hamwe n'amavuta avanze. Hiyongereyeho, chromium, nikel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, nibindi bikoreshwa mu nganda. Ibyo byuma bikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'inyongeramusaruro kugirango tunoze imikorere y'ibyuma. Muri byo, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, nibindi bikoreshwa cyane mugukora ibyuma. gukomera. Ibyuma byavuzwe haruguru bidafite fer byitwa ibyuma byinganda, usibye ibyuma byagaciro: platine, zahabu, ifeza, nibindi byuma bidasanzwe, harimo uraniyumu ya radio, radium, nibindi.
3. Gutondekanya ibyuma
Usibye ibyuma na karubone, ibintu by'ingenzi bigize ibyuma birimo silikoni, manganese, sulfure na fosifore.
Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutondekanya ibyuma, kandi uburyo nyamukuru nuburyo bukurikira:
1. Bishyizwe mubikorwa
(1) Ibyuma bisanzwe (P≤0.045%, S≤0.050%)
(2) Ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge (P na S≤0.035%)
(3) Icyuma cyiza cyane (P≤0.035%, S≤0.030%)
2. Gutondekanya ukurikije imiti
(1) Ibyuma bya karubone: a. Ibyuma bike bya karubone (C≤0,25%); b. Icyuma giciriritse giciriritse (C≤0.25 ～ 0,60%); c. Ibyuma byinshi bya karubone (C≤0,60%).
(2) Amavuta avanze: a. Icyuma gike cyane (ibikubiye mubintu byose bivanga ≤ 5%); b. Icyuma giciriritse giciriritse (ibirimo byose bivanze> 5-10%); c. Ibyuma binini cyane (ibirimo byose bivanze> 10%).
3. Bishyizwe muburyo bwo gukora uburyo
(1) ibyuma byahimbwe; (2) gutera ibyuma; (3) ibyuma bishyushye; (4) ibyuma bikurura ubukonje.
4. Gutondekanya ukurikije imiterere ya metallografiya
(1) Leta ifatanye: a. hypoeutectoid ibyuma (ferrite + pearlite); b. ibyuma bya eutectoid (pearlite); c. ibyuma bya hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite); d. Ibyuma bya Tensitike (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Leta isanzwe: a. icyuma; b. ibyuma bya bainite; c. ibyuma bya martensitike; d. ibyuma bya austenitis.
(3) Nta gihinduka cyicyiciro cyangwa impinduka zicyiciro
5. Gutondekanya intego
(1) Icyuma cyo kubaka no gukora: a. Ibyuma bisanzwe bya karubone; b. Ibyuma bito byubaka ibyuma; c. Ibyuma bishimangira.
(2) Ibyuma byubaka:
a. Icyuma cyo gukora imashini: (a) Icyuma kizimye kandi cyoroshye; . (c) Ibyuma byubatswe byoroshye; (d) Ubukonje bukonje Icyuma cyo gukora: harimo ibyuma byo gushyirwaho kashe hamwe nicyuma kumutwe ukonje.
b. Icyuma
c. Gutwara ibyuma
(3) Ibyuma by'ibikoresho: a. ibyuma bya karubone; b. ibyuma bivanga ibikoresho; c. ibikoresho byihuta byuma.
(4) Ibyuma bidasanzwe bikora: a. Ibyuma birwanya aside; b. Ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe: harimo ibyuma birwanya anti-okiside, ibyuma-ubushyuhe, ibyuma bya valve; c. Amashanyarazi ashyushya ibyuma; d. Kwambara ibyuma birwanya; e. Icyuma gike; f. Icyuma cy'amashanyarazi.
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6. Ibyiciro byose
(1) Ibyuma bisanzwe
a. Ibyuma byubaka karubone: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
b. Ibyuma bito byubaka ibyuma
c. Ibyuma bisanzwe byubatswe kubikorwa byihariye
(2) Ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge (harimo ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru)
a. Ibyuma byubaka: (a) ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone; (b) kuvanga ibyuma byubaka; (c) ibyuma byo mu isoko; (d) ibyuma bikata ku buntu; (e) gutwara ibyuma; (f) ibyuma byubatswe byujuje ubuziranenge kubwintego zihariye.
b. Ibyuma by'ibikoresho: (a) ibyuma bya karubone; (b) ibyuma bivanga ibikoresho; (c) ibyuma byihuta byuma.
c. Ibyuma bidasanzwe bikora: (a) ibyuma birwanya aside; (b) ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe; (c) ibyuma bishyushya amashanyarazi; (d) ibyuma by'amashanyarazi; (e) ibyuma birebire bya manganese.
7. Bishyizwe muburyo bwo gushonga
(1) Ukurikije ubwoko bw'itanura
a. Ibyuma bihindura: (a) ibyuma bihindura aside; (b) ibyuma byibanze bihindura. Cyangwa (a) ibyuma bihindura ibyuma; (b) ibyuma bihindura impande; (c) ibyuma bihinduranya ibyuma.
b. Icyuma cy'amashanyarazi: (a) icyuma cy'amashanyarazi arc; (b) ibyuma byo mu itanura rya electroslag; (c) ibyuma byo mu itanura; (d) icyuma gishobora gukoreshwa mu itanura; (e) ibyuma bya elegitoroniki.
(2) Ukurikije urwego rwa deoxidation na sisitemu yo gusuka
a. Ibyuma bitetse; b. Icyuma cyishe; c. Ibyuma byishe; d. Ibyuma byishe bidasanzwe.
4. Incamake yuburyo bwo kwerekana ibyuma byigihugu cyanjye
Kwerekana urwego rwibicuruzwa muri rusange byerekanwa nuruvange rwinyuguti za pinyin zo mu gishinwa, ibimenyetso bya chimique nimibare yicyarabu. Kuri ubu:
ElementsIbikoresho bya shimi mubyiciro byibyuma bigaragazwa nibimenyetso mpuzamahanga bya shimi, nka Si, Mn, Cr… nibindi. Ibintu bidasanzwe bivanze nubutaka bigereranwa na “RE” (cyangwa “Xt”).
NameIzina ryibicuruzwa, imikoreshereze, gushonga nuburyo bwo gusuka, nibindi bigaragazwa ninyuguti ngufi za Pinyin zo mu Bushinwa.
HeIbintu nyamukuru bigize imiti (%) mubyuma bigereranwa numubare wicyarabu.
Iyo inyuguti zikoreshwa mu gishinwa zikoreshwa mu kwerekana izina ry'ibicuruzwa, imikoreshereze, ibiranga n'uburyo bwo gutunganya, inyuguti ya mbere muri rusange yatoranijwe mu nyuguti z'igishinwa zerekana izina ry'ibicuruzwa. Iyo bisubiwemo nibaruwa yatoranijwe nibindi bicuruzwa, ibaruwa ya kabiri cyangwa inyuguti ya gatatu irashobora gukoreshwa aho, cyangwa inyuguti ya mbere ya pinyin yinyuguti ebyiri zishinwa zishobora gutoranywa icyarimwe.
Niba nta nyuguti z'igishinwa na pinyin ziboneka kugeza ubu, ibimenyetso byakoreshejwe ni inyuguti z'icyongereza.
Gatanu, kugabana uburyo bwo kwerekana amanota yicyuma mugihugu cyanjye
1. Uburyo bwo kwerekana ibyuma byubaka ibyuma bya karubone hamwe na all-alloy-ikomeye-ibyuma byubaka
Ibyuma byakoreshejwe hejuru mubisanzwe bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri: ibyuma rusange nicyuma kidasanzwe. Uburyo bwo kwerekana urwego rugizwe ninyuguti za pinyin zishinwa zerekana umusaruro cyangwa umusaruro wibyuma, agaciro kerekana umusaruro cyangwa imbaraga zumusaruro, urwego rwiza rwicyuma, nurwego rwo kwangiza ibyuma, kikaba kigizwe nibice 4.
Steel Ibyuma rusange byubatswe bifata inyuguti ya pinyin “Q” yerekana umusaruro. Agaciro k'umusaruro (ubumwe ni MPa) hamwe n amanota meza (A, B, C, D, E) hamwe nuburyo bwa deoxidation (F, b, Z, TZ) nibindi bimenyetso bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 bigize amanota uko bikurikirana. Kurugero: ibyiciro bya karubone ibyiciro byerekana nka: Q235AF, Q235BZ; hasi-alloy-imbaraga-zubaka ibyuma byerekana ibyiciro bigaragazwa nka: Q345C, Q345D.
Q235BZ bisobanura kwica ibyuma byubatswe byubatswe bifite agaciro keza ≥ 235MPa nicyiciro cyiza B.
Ibyiciro bibiri bya Q235 na Q345 nicyiciro gisanzwe cyibyuma byubwubatsi, amanota afite umusaruro mwinshi nogukoresha, hamwe n amanota akoreshwa cyane. Aya manota yombi araboneka mubihugu hafi ya byose kwisi.
Mu byiciro bigize ibyuma byubaka ibyuma bya karubone, ikimenyetso "Z" cyicyuma cyishe hamwe nikimenyetso "TZ" cyicyuma cyicwa cyihariye gishobora kuvaho, kurugero: kubicyuma cya Q235 gifite amanota meza C na D, amanota agomba kuba Q235CZ na Q235DTZ, Ariko irashobora gusibwa nka Q235C na Q235D.
Ibyuma bito-binini cyane byubaka ibyuma birimo ibyuma byiciwe nicyuma kidasanzwe cyiciwe, ariko ikimenyetso cyerekana uburyo bwa deoxidation ntabwo cyongewe kumpera yicyiciro.
SteelIcyuma cyihariye cyubatswe cyerekanwa muri rusange nikimenyetso "Q" cyerekana umusaruro wibyuma, agaciro k’umusaruro, hamwe nibimenyetso byerekana imikoreshereze yibicuruzwa bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, urugero: urwego rwicyuma kubikoresho byotswa igitutu rugaragazwa nka “Q345R”; urwego rwicyuma cyikirere rugaragazwa nka Q340NH; Q295HP amanota yicyuma cyo gusudira silinderi; Q390g amanota yicyuma kubiteka; Q420q amanota yicyuma kubiraro.
Cc Ukurikije ibikenewe, kumenyekanisha intego-rusange-ntoya-y-imbaraga-ikomeye-yubatswe ibyuma birashobora kandi gukoresha imibare ibiri yicyarabu (yerekana ikigereranyo cya karubone, mubice ku bihumbi icumi) nibimenyetso bya chimique, byerekanwe muburyo; icyuma kidasanzwe-kivanze cyane-cyuma cyubaka ibyuma Izina ryikirango naryo rishobora kugaragazwa mukurikirana ukoresheje imibare ibiri yicyarabu (byerekana ikigereranyo cya karubone mubice mubice ibihumbi icumi), ibimenyetso bya chimique, nibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ikoreshwa rya ibicuruzwa.
2. Uburyo bwo guhagararira ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone yubatswe hamwe nicyuma cyiza cya karubone
Ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone bifata ihuriro ryimibare ibiri yicyarabu (yerekana impuzandengo ya karubone iri mu bihumbi icumi) cyangwa imibare yicyarabu nibimenyetso byibintu.
① Kubyuma bitetse hamwe nicyuma cyica igice, ibimenyetso "F" na "b" byongeweho nyuma yicyiciro. Kurugero, urwego rwibyuma bitetse hamwe nimpuzandengo ya karubone ya 0.08% igaragazwa nka "08F"; igipimo cyibyuma byicwa igice gifite impuzandengo ya karubone ya 0,10% bigaragazwa nka "10b".
Steel Ibyuma byishe (S, P≤0.035%) ntabwo bisanzwe biranga ibimenyetso. Kurugero: ibyuma byishe bifite impuzandengo ya karubone ya 0.45%, urwego rwayo rugaragazwa nka “45 ″.
③ Kubyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone bifite ibyuma byinshi bya manganese, ikimenyetso cya manganese cyongeweho nyuma yimibare yicyarabu yerekana ikigereranyo cya karubone. Kurugero: ibyuma bifite impuzandengo ya karubone ya 0,50% hamwe na manganese ya 0,70% kugeza kuri 1.00%, urwego rwayo rugaragazwa nka "50Mn".
④ Kubyiciro byo hejuru-byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone yubatswe (S, P≤0.030%), ongeramo ikimenyetso "A" nyuma yicyiciro. Kurugero: urwego rwohejuru rwohejuru rwohejuru rwa karubone yubatswe hamwe nimpuzandengo ya karubone ingana na 0.45%, urwego rwayo rugaragazwa nka "45A".
⑤Super-urwego rwohejuru rwohejuru rwa karubone yubatswe (S≤0.020%, P≤0.025%), ongeramo ikimenyetso "E" nyuma yamanota. Kurugero: super-nziza-nziza ya karubone yubatswe ibyuma bifite impuzandengo ya karubone ingana na 0.45%, urwego rwayo rwerekanwa nka "45E".
Uburyo bwo guhagararira ibyuma byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone yamashanyarazi ni kimwe nubwa karubone nziza yo mu rwego rwo hejuru (65, 70, 85, 65Mn ibyuma bibaho mubipimo byombi GB / T1222 na GB / T699).
3. Uburyo bwo kumenyekanisha ibyuma byubatswe byubatswe hamwe nibyuma byamasoko
① Ibyiciro byibyuma byubatswe byerekanwe numubare wicyarabu nibimenyetso bisanzwe bya shimi.
Koresha imibare ibiri yicyarabu kugirango werekane impuzandengo ya karubone (mubice kubihumbi icumi), hanyuma ubishyire kumutwe wicyiciro.
Uburyo bwo kwerekana imiterere yibintu bigize alloy nuburyo bukurikira: mugihe impuzandengo y'ibirimo iri munsi ya 1.50%, gusa ikintu cyerekanwe mubirango, kandi ibirimo ntabwo bigaragara muri rusange; impuzandengo y'ibivangwa ni 1.50% ～ 2.49%, 2.50% ～ 3.49%, 3.50% ～ 4.49%, 4.50% ～ 5.49%,…, byanditswe nka 2, 3, 4, 5… nyuma yibintu bivanga.
Kurugero: impuzandengo yibirimo bya karubone, chromium, manganese, na silikoni ni 0,30%, 0,95%, 0,85%, na 1.05% byibyuma byubaka. Iyo ibiri muri S na P ari .050.035%, amanota agaragazwa nka "30CrMnSi".
Urwego rwohejuru rwohejuru-rwiza rwubatswe rwubatswe (S, P ibirimo .050.025%), byerekanwe no kongeramo ikimenyetso "A" nyuma yicyiciro. Kurugero: “30CrMnSiA”.
Kubyiciro byihariye-byujuje ubuziranenge buvanze ibyuma byubaka (S≤0.015%, P≤0.025%), ongeraho ikimenyetso "E" urangije icyiciro, urugero: "30CrM nSiE".
Kubyiciro bidasanzwe byibyuma byubatswe, ikimenyetso cyerekana imikoreshereze yibicuruzwa bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 bigomba kongerwaho umutwe (cyangwa umurizo) wurwego. Kurugero, ibyuma 30CrMnSi bikoreshwa cyane mugukoresha ibyuma, nimero yicyuma igaragazwa nka ML30CrMnSi.
MethodUburyo bwo kugereranya urwego rwibyuma byamazi yimvura ni kimwe nicyuma cyubatswe.
Kurugero: impuzandengo yibirimo bya karubone, silikoni, na manganese ni 0,60%, 1.75%, na 0,75% byibyuma byamasoko, kandi urwego rwayo rwerekanwa nka "60Si2Mn". Kubyiciro byo murwego rwohejuru-byuma byicyuma, ongeramo ikimenyetso "A" nurangiza icyiciro, kandi amanota yacyo agaragazwa nka "60Si2MnA".
4. Urwego rwicyuma gikata kubusa
Ibikoresho bya Xinfa CNC bifite ireme ryiza kandi biramba, kubisobanuro birambuye, nyamuneka reba: https://www.xinfatools.com/cnc-ibikoresho/
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-21-2023
