1. Ni ibihe bintu biranga imiterere y'ibanze ya kristu ya weld?
Igisubizo: Crystallisation ya pisine yo gusudira nayo ikurikiza amategeko shingiro yicyuma rusange cyamazi yo gutondeka: gushiraho nuclei ya kirisiti no gukura kwa nuclei. Iyo icyuma gisukuye muri pisine yo gusudira gikomera, ibinyampeke byashongeshejwe ku bikoresho byababyeyi muri zone ya fusion mubisanzwe bihinduka nuclei.
Ibikoresho byo gusudira Xinfa bifite ibiranga ubuziranenge kandi buke. Ushaka ibisobanuro birambuye, nyamuneka sura:Abasudira & Gukata Inganda - Ubushinwa bwo gusudira no gutema uruganda & abatanga ibicuruzwa (xinfatools.com)
Noneho nucleus ya kirisiti ikurura atome zamazi akikije kandi ikura. Kubera ko kristu ikura mucyerekezo gitandukanye nicyerekezo cyo gutwara ubushyuhe, nayo ikura mubyerekezo byombi. Ariko, kubera guhagarikwa na kristu yegeranye ikura, kristu ikora Crystal hamwe ninkingi ya morfologiya yitwa inkingi ya kristu.
Byongeye kandi, mubihe bimwe na bimwe, icyuma cyamazi muri pisine yashongeshejwe nacyo kizatanga nuclei ya kristu ihita ikomera. Niba gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bikozwe mu mpande zose, kristu zizakura kimwe zihure nintete zimeze nka kristu. Ubu bwoko bwa kristu yitwa Ni kristu ihwanye. Inkingi ya kristu ikunze kugaragara muri weld, kandi mubihe bimwe na bimwe, kristu ihwanye nayo ishobora kugaragara hagati ya weld.
2. Ni ibihe bintu biranga imiterere ya kabiri yo gutegera ya weld?
Igisubizo: Imiterere yicyuma gisudira. Nyuma ya kristu yibanze, icyuma gikomeza gukonja munsi yubushyuhe bwo guhinduka, kandi imiterere ya metallografi irongera ihinduka. Kurugero, mugihe cyo gusudira ibyuma bike bya karubone, ibinyampeke byibanze bya kristalisiti byose ni ibinyampeke bya austenite. Iyo ikonje munsi yubushyuhe bwo guhindura icyiciro, austenite ibora muri ferrite na pearlite, bityo imiterere nyuma yo korohereza kabiri ni ferrite hamwe na pearlite nkeya.
Nyamara, bitewe nigipimo cyihuta cyo gukonjesha cya weld, ibivuye muri pearlite mubisanzwe biruta ibyari murwego rwo kuringaniza. Umuvuduko ukonje byihuse, niko ibintu byinshi bya pearlite, hamwe na ferrite nkeya, ubukomezi nimbaraga nabyo biratera imbere. , mugihe plastike nubukomezi byagabanutse. Nyuma ya kristu ya kabiri, imiterere nyayo kubushyuhe bwicyumba iraboneka. Ibikoresho byo gusudira byabonetse kubikoresho byibyuma bitandukanye muburyo bwo gusudira butandukanye.
3. Gufata ibyuma bike bya karubone nkurugero rwo gusobanura imiterere iboneka nyuma yo gutondekanya ibyuma bya kabiri?
Igisubizo: Gufata ibyuma bya pulasitike ntoya nkurugero, imiterere yibanze ya kristalisitiya ni austenite, kandi uburyo bukomeye bwo guhindura icyiciro cya feri yicyuma cyaswe byitwa kristu ya kabiri yicyuma. Microstructure ya kabiri ya kristallisation ni ferrite na pearlite.
Muburyo buringaniye bwibyuma bya karubone nkeya, karubone yibyuma byasudutse ni bike cyane, kandi imiterere yabyo ni inkingi nini ya ferrite hiyongereyeho na pearlite. Bitewe nubushyuhe bukabije bwa weld, ferrite ntishobora kugwa neza ukurikije igishushanyo cyicyuma-karubone. Nkigisubizo, ibiri muri pearlite muri rusange ni binini kurenza iyo muburyo bworoshye. Igipimo kinini cyo gukonjesha nacyo kizatunganya ibinyampeke kandi byongere ubukana nimbaraga zicyuma. Bitewe no kugabanuka kwa ferrite no kwiyongera kwa pearlite, ubukana nabwo buziyongera, mugihe plastike izagabanuka.
Kubwibyo, imiterere yanyuma ya weld igenwa nuburinganire bwicyuma nuburyo bukonje. Bitewe nibiranga gahunda yo gusudira, imiterere yicyuma isudira ni nziza, kubwibyo icyuma gisudira gifite imiterere myiza yuburyo bwiza kuruta leta.
4. Ni ibihe bintu biranga gusudira ibyuma bidasa?
Igisubizo: 1) Ibiranga gusudira ibyuma bidasa cyane cyane biri mubitandukaniro bigaragara muburyo bwimvange yibyuma byabitswe hamwe na weld. Hamwe nimiterere ya weld, ubunini bwicyuma fatizo, icyuma cya electrode cyangwa flux, nubwoko bwa gaze ikingira, gusudira bizahinduka. Imyitwarire y'ibidendezi nayo ntaho ihuriye,
Kubwibyo, ingano yo gushonga ibyuma shingiro nayo iratandukanye, kandi ingaruka zoguhinduranya ziterwa nubushakashatsi bwibigize imiti yabitswe hamwe nubuso bwicyuma cyibanze nabyo bizahinduka. Birashobora kugaragara ko icyuma kidasa nicyuma gisudira gitandukana hamwe nibigize imiti idahwanye mukarere. Impamyabumenyi ntabwo ishingiye gusa kumiterere yumwimerere yo gusudira nibikoresho byuzuza, ariko kandi biratandukanye nuburyo butandukanye bwo gusudira.
2) Kudahuza imiterere. Nyuma yo guhura nubushyuhe bwo gusudira, ibyuma bitandukanye byerekana metallografiya bizagaragara muri buri gace k’urugingo rusudira, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano nimiterere yimiti yibikoresho fatizo nibikoresho byuzuza, uburyo bwo gusudira, urwego rwo gusudira, uburyo bwo gusudira no kuvura ubushyuhe.
3) Kudahuza imikorere. Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwa chimique hamwe nicyuma cyububiko, imiterere yubukorikori iratandukanye. Imbaraga, ubukana, plastike, ubukana, nibindi bya buri gace kegeranye hamwe biratandukanye cyane. Muri weld Ingaruka indangagaciro za zone yibasiwe nubushyuhe kumpande zombi ziratandukanye inshuro nyinshi, kandi imipaka yikigereranyo nimbaraga zirambye kubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabyo bizatandukana cyane bitewe nimiterere n'imiterere.
4) Kudahuza imbaraga zo gukwirakwiza imirima. Ikwirakwizwa ryimyitozo isigaye mubice bidasa nicyuma ntigisanzwe. Ibi bigenwa cyane cyane na plastike itandukanye ya buri gace kamwe. Mubyongeyeho, itandukaniro ryumuriro wubushyuhe bwibikoresho bizatera impinduka mumiterere yubushyuhe bwa welding cycle cycle. Ibintu nkibinyuranyo muburyo bwo kwagura umurongo mu turere dutandukanye nimpamvu zo gukwirakwiza kutaringaniye umurima uhangayitse.
5. Ni ayahe mahame yo guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusudira mugihe cyo gusudira ibyuma bidasa?
Igisubizo: Amahame yo gutoranya kubikoresho byo gusudira bidasa cyane harimo ingingo enye zikurikira:
1) Hishimikijwe ko uruzitiro rusudutse rutabyara izindi nenge, niba imbaraga na plastike yicyuma gisudira bidashobora kwitabwaho, hagomba gutoranywa ibikoresho byo gusudira bifite plastike nziza.
2) Niba ibyuma byo gusudira ibikoresho bidasa nibikoresho byo gusudira byujuje gusa kimwe mubikoresho bibiri shingiro, bifatwa nkibisabwa na tekiniki.
3) Ibikoresho byo gusudira bigomba kugira imikorere myiza kandi ikidodo cyo gusudira kigomba kuba cyiza mumiterere. Ibikoresho byo gusudira ni ubukungu kandi byoroshye kugura.
6. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gusudira bw'icyuma cya pearlitike n'ibyuma bya austenitis?
Igisubizo: Icyuma cya Pearlitike nicyuma cya austenitike nubwoko bubiri bwibyuma bifite imiterere itandukanye. Kubwibyo, iyo ubu bwoko bubiri bwibyuma bisudira hamwe, icyuma gisudira gikozwe no guhuza ubwoko bubiri butandukanye bwibyuma fatizo nibikoresho byuzuza. Ibi bitera kwibaza ibi bikurikira kubijyanye no gusudira kwubwoko bubiri bwibyuma:
1) Gukoresha gusudira. Kubera ko ibyuma bya pearlitike birimo ibintu bya zahabu yo hepfo, bigira ingaruka zo kuvanga ibyuma bivangwa nicyuma cyose. Bitewe niyi ngaruka yo kugabanuka kwicyuma cya pearlitike, ibirimo ibintu bigize austenite ikora muri weld biragabanuka. Nkigisubizo, muri weld, Imiterere ya martensite irashobora kugaragara, bityo bikangirika ubwiza bwurugingo rusudutse ndetse bigatera no gucika.
2) Gushiraho urwego rukabije. Mubikorwa byo gusudira ubushyuhe bwikurikiranya, urwego rwo kuvanga ibyuma shingiro byashongeshejwe nicyuma cyuzuza biratandukanye kumpera yicyuzi gishongeshejwe. Ku nkombe ya pisine yashongeshejwe, ubushyuhe bwicyuma cyamazi buri hasi, amazi ni mabi, kandi igihe cyo gutura mumazi ni kigufi. Bitewe nuko itandukaniro rinini ryibigize imiti hagati yicyuma cya pearlitike nicyuma cya austenitike, icyuma gishongeshejwe nicyuma cyuzuza ntigishobora guhuzwa neza kumpera yikidendezi cyashongeshejwe kuruhande rwa pearlitike. Nkigisubizo, muri weld kuruhande rwicyuma cya pearlitike, icyuma cya pearlitike icyuma Umubare ni munini, kandi wegereye umurongo wa fusion, niko igipimo cyibikoresho fatizo. Ibi bikora inzibacyuho hamwe nibintu bitandukanye byimbere byicyuma gisudira.
3) Kora urwego rwo gukwirakwiza muri fusion zone. Mu cyuma cyo gusudira kigizwe nubwoko bubiri bwibyuma, kubera ko ibyuma bya pearlitike bifite karubone nyinshi ariko ibintu byinshi bivanga cyane ariko bitavanze cyane, mugihe ibyuma bya austenitike bifite ingaruka zinyuranye, kuburyo kumpande zombi zicyuma cya pearlitike kuruhande rwa fusion zone A itandukaniro ryibanze hagati ya karubone na karibide ikora ibintu. Iyo urugingo rukorewe ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 350-400 mugihe kirekire, hazagaragara ikwirakwizwa rya karubone muri zone ya fusion, ni ukuvuga kuva kumpande ya pearlite unyuze muri zone ya fusion kugera muri zone yo gusudira austenite. ingendo zikwirakwira. Kubera iyo mpamvu, icyuma cyoroshya cyoroheje gikozwe ku cyuma cya pearlitike cyuma cyegereye akarere ka fusion, kandi igice cya karburize gihuye na decarburisation gikorerwa kuruhande rwa austenitis.
4) Kubera ko imiterere yumubiri wibyuma bya pearlitike nicyuma cya austenitike bitandukanye cyane, kandi nibigize imiterere yo gusudira nabyo biratandukanye cyane, ubu bwoko bwurugingo ntirushobora gukuraho imihangayiko yo gusudira hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe, kandi birashobora gutera isaranganya ryimyitwarire. Iratandukanye cyane no gusudira ibyuma bimwe.
5) Gutinda guturika. Mugihe cyo gutondekanya uburyo bwo gusudira gushonga pisine yubu bwoko bwibyuma bidasa, hariho imiterere ya austenite nuburyo bwa ferrite. Byombi byegeranye, kandi gaze irashobora gukwirakwira, kugirango hydrogène ikwirakwijwe irashobora kwegeranya igatera gutinda.
25. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho muguhitamo uburyo bwo gusudira ibyuma?
Igisubizo: Mugihe uhisemo uburyo bwo gusudira icyuma cyumukara, ibintu bikurikira bigomba gutekerezwa:
1) Imiterere ya casting igomba gusudwa, nkibigize imiti, imiterere nubukanishi bwa casting, ubunini, ubunini hamwe nuburyo bugoye bwo gukina.
2) Inenge yibice byabakinnyi. Mbere yo gusudira, ugomba gusobanukirwa ubwoko bwinenge (gucamo, kubura inyama, kwambara, imyenge, ibisebe, gusuka bidahagije, nibindi), ingano yinenge, gukomera kwaho, icyateye inenge, nibindi.
3) Ibisabwa nyuma yubudodo nkibikoresho byubukanishi hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu nyuma ya weld. Sobanukirwa n'ibisabwa nk'ibara ryo gusudira no gukora kashe.
4) Ibikoresho byububiko hamwe nubukungu. Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ubuziranenge bwa nyuma yo gusudira, intego nyamukuru yo gusudira gusana ibyuma ni ugukoresha uburyo bworoshye, ibikoresho byo gusudira hamwe nibikoresho bitunganya, hamwe nigiciro gito kugirango ugere ku nyungu nyinshi zubukungu.
7. Ni izihe ngamba zo gukumira ibice mugihe cyo gusana ibyuma bikozwe?
Igisubizo: (1) Shyushya mbere yo gusudira no gukonja buhoro nyuma yo gusudira. Gushyushya gusudira muri rusange cyangwa igice mbere yo gusudira no gukonjesha buhoro nyuma yo gusudira ntibishobora kugabanya gusa impengamiro yo gusudira kuba umweru, ariko kandi bigabanya imihangayiko yo gusudira no kwirinda gucika. .
. guhindura no gukumira ibice. , ukoresheje udukoni duto two gusudira, duke ntoya, gusudira rimwe na rimwe (gusudira hagati), uburyo bwo gusudira (gusudira gusudira) uburyo butandukanye bushobora kugabanya itandukaniro ryubushyuhe hagati yicyuma nicyuma fatizo kandi bikagabanya guhangayikishwa no gusudira, bishobora kuvaho mukoresheje inyundo. . guhangayika no gukumira ibice.
(3) Izindi ngamba zirimo guhindura imiterere yimiti yicyuma gisudira kugirango igabanye ubushyuhe bwayo; kongeramo ibintu bidasanzwe byisi kugirango byongere desulfurizasiya na dephosphorisation metallurgical reaction ya weld; no kongeramo ibintu bikomeye byo gutunganya ingano kugirango weld ikorwe. Gutunganya ibinyampeke.
Rimwe na rimwe, gushyushya bikoreshwa mu kugabanya imihangayiko yo gusana gusudira, bishobora no gukumira neza ko habaho gucika.
8. Guhangayikishwa ni iki? Nibihe bintu bitera guhangayika?
Igisubizo: Bitewe nuburyo bwo gusudira nibiranga gusudira, guhagarara muburyo rusange biragaragara. Iyo iremerewe, itera gukwirakwiza kutaringaniye kumurimo wakazi mukibumbano, bigatuma impagarara zaho σmax zirenze impuzandengo σm. Ibindi, iyi ni kwibanda ku guhangayika. Hariho impamvu nyinshi zo guhangayikishwa no gusudira hamwe, ingenzi muri zo ni:
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Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umuhanda kidafite ishingiro. Kurugero, ibarabara ryumuhanda rifite impinduka zitunguranye, no gukoresha panne zifunitse kugirango uhuze umuhanda. Imiterere yo gusudira idafite ishingiro irashobora kandi gutera guhangayika, nkibice bya T bifatanye hamwe nububiko bwububiko gusa.
9. Kwangiza plastiki ni iki kandi ni izihe ngaruka?
Igisubizo: Kwangirika kwa plastike birimo ihungabana rya plastike (umusaruro cyangwa ihinduka rikomeye rya plastike) hamwe no kuvunika kwa plastike (kuvunika inkombe cyangwa kuvunika). Inzira ni uko imiterere yo gusudira ibanza guhura na elastique → umusaruro → ihindagurika rya plastike (plastike idahwitse) munsi yumutwaro. ) → kubyara uduce duto cyangwa micro micro → gukora macro ibice → bigenda byiyongera → kuvunika.
Ugereranije no kuvunika kuvunika, kwangiza plastike ntabwo byangiza cyane, ubwoko bukurikira:
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Igisubizo cya nyuma cyangiritse kuri plastiki nuko imiterere yo gusudira yananiwe cyangwa habaye impanuka ikomeye, igira ingaruka ku musaruro w’uruganda, igatera impanuka bidakenewe, kandi ikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu.
10. Kuvunika kuvunika ni iki kandi ni izihe ngaruka?
Igisubizo: Mubisanzwe kuvunika kuvunika bivuga gucamo ibice byo gutandukana (harimo kuvunika kwa kwasi-gutandukana) kumurongo runaka wa kirisiti hamwe nimbibi zimbuto (intergranular).
Kuvunika kwa Cleavage ni kuvunika guterwa no gutandukana kumurongo runaka wa kristu ya kirisiti. Ni ukuvunika kutagaragara. Mubihe bimwe, nkubushyuhe buke, umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nuburemere bwinshi, clavage no kuvunika bizagaragara mubikoresho byicyuma mugihe imihangayiko igeze ku gaciro runaka.
Hariho moderi nyinshi kubyara ibisekuru byavunitse, ibyinshi bifitanye isano na dislokisiyo. Muri rusange abantu bemeza ko iyo gahunda yo guhindura ibintu bya plastike ibangamiwe cyane, ibikoresho ntibishobora guhuza nimihangayiko yo hanze no guhindura ibintu ariko kubitandukanya, bikavamo gucikamo ibice.
Kwinjizamo, imvura igabanutse nizindi nenge mubyuma nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumyanya yo gutobora.
Kuvunika kuvunika muri rusange bibaho mugihe guhangayika bitarenze igishushanyo mbonera cyemewe cyimiterere kandi ntihabeho ihinduka rikomeye rya plastike, hanyuma igahita igera kumiterere yose. Ifite imiterere yo kurimbuka gitunguranye kandi biragoye kubimenya no kubikumira hakiri kare, kubwibyo akenshi bitera guhitana umuntu ku giti cye. no kwangiza ibintu byinshi.
11. Ni uruhe ruhare gusudira bigira uruhare mu kuvunika?
Igisubizo: Mu nenge zose, ibice ni bibi cyane. Mugihe cyibikorwa byumutwaro wo hanze, umubare muto wa disformasiyo ya plastike izabera hafi yimbere, kandi mugihe kimwe hazaba hari umubare munini wo gufungura kwimuka hejuru, bigatuma igikoma gikura buhoro;
Iyo umutwaro wo hanze wiyongereye kugiciro runaka gikomeye, igikoma kizaguka kumuvuduko mwinshi. Muri iki gihe, niba igikoma giherereye ahantu harehare cyane, bizatera gucika intege kumiterere yose. Niba igikuba cyagutse cyinjiye mukarere gahangayikishijwe cyane, Izina rifite imbaraga zihagije zo gukomeza kwaguka kwinshi, cyangwa igikoma cyinjira mubintu bifite ubukana bwiza (cyangwa ibikoresho bimwe ariko hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe no gukomera) kandi byakira imbaraga nyinshi kandi ntishobora gukomeza kwaguka. Muri iki gihe, ibyago byo gucika bigenda bigabanuka uko bikwiye.
12. Niyihe mpamvu ituma inyubako zisudira zikunda kuvunika?
Igisubizo: Impamvu zo kuvunika zishobora kubarwa muri make mubice bitatu:
(1) Ubumuntu budahagije bwibikoresho
Cyane cyane hejuru yisonga, ubushobozi bwa microscopique deformation yibikoresho ni bibi. Kunanirwa cyane-kunanirwa kunanirwa muri rusange bibaho mubushyuhe bwo hasi, kandi uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka, ubukana bwibintu buragabanuka cyane. Mubyongeyeho, hamwe niterambere ryibyuma bito-binini cyane-byuma-byuma, indangagaciro zikomeza kwiyongera, mugihe plastike nubukomezi byagabanutse. Mu bihe byinshi, kuvunika kuvunika bitangirira kuri zone yo gusudira, bityo ubukana budahagije bwakarere ka weld hamwe nubushuhe bwibasiwe nubushyuhe akenshi nimpamvu nyamukuru itera gucika intege nkeya.
(2) Hariho inenge nka microc crack
Kumeneka buri gihe bitangirira ku nenge, kandi gucamo ni inenge mbi cyane. Gusudira nimpamvu nyamukuru itera gucika. Nubwo ibice bishobora kugenzurwa cyane niterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira, biracyagoye kwirinda rwose gucamo.
(3) Urwego runaka rwo guhangayika
Igishushanyo kitari cyo hamwe nuburyo bubi bwo gukora nimpamvu nyamukuru zitera gusudira impagarara zisigaye. Kubwibyo, kubikoresho byo gusudira, usibye guhangayikishwa nakazi, gusudira gusigara hamwe no guhangayikishwa cyane, hamwe nihungabana ryatewe no guterana nabi, nabyo bigomba gutekerezwa.
13. Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mugushushanya ibyubatswe?
Igisubizo: Ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba gusuzuma ni ibi bikurikira:
1) Urugingo rusudutse rugomba kwemeza guhangayika no gukomera kugirango ubuzima bwa serivisi burambye;
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3) Kubice binini byubatswe, akazi ko gushyushya mbere yo gusudira no kuvura ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira bigomba kugabanuka bishoboka;
4) Ibice byo gusudira ntibigisaba cyangwa bisaba gusa bike byo gutunganya imashini;
5) Imirimo yo gusudira irashobora kugabanuka kugeza byibuze;
6) Kugabanya guhindagurika no guhangayikishwa nuburyo bwo gusudira;
7) Byoroshye kubaka no gukora ibintu byiza byakazi byo kubaka;
8) Koresha tekinolojiya mishya hamwe no gusudira no gukoresha imashini zishoboka kugirango uzamure umusaruro w'abakozi; 9) Weld iroroshye kugenzura kugirango ireme ubuziranenge.
14. Nyamuneka sobanura ibyingenzi kugirango ugabanye gaze. Gukata gaze ya ogisijeni-acetylene ishobora gukoreshwa mu muringa? Kubera iki?
Igisubizo: Ibanze shingiro ryo guca gaze ni:
(1) Ingingo yo gutwika ibyuma igomba kuba munsi yicyuma cyo gushonga cyicyuma.
(2) Ingingo yo gushonga ya oxyde yicyuma igomba kuba munsi yumushonga wicyuma ubwacyo.
(3) Iyo icyuma cyaka muri ogisijeni, kigomba gushobora kurekura ubushyuhe bwinshi.
(4) Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wicyuma bugomba kuba buto.
Gukata gaze ya Oxygene-acetylene ntishobora gukoreshwa ku muringa utukura, kubera ko oxyde y'umuringa (CuO) itanga ubushyuhe buke cyane, kandi n'ubushyuhe bwayo ni bwiza cyane (ubushyuhe ntibushobora kwibanda hafi yo gutemwa), bityo guca gaze ntibishoboka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-06-2023
